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The Holocaust in Poland
The Holocaust in German-occupied Poland was the last stage of the Nazi "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') marked by the construction of death camps on Polish soil in 1941–42. The genocide officially sanctioned and executed by the Third Reich during World War II, collectively known as the Holocaust, took the lives of more than three million Polish Jews. The extermination camps played a central role in the implementation of the German policy of systematic and mostly successful destruction of over 90% of the indigenous Polish-Jewish population of the pre-war Second Polish Republic.〔
Every arm of the sophisticated German bureaucracy was involved in the killing process, from the Interior Ministry and the Finance Ministry; to German firms and state-run trains used for deportation of Jews.〔 German companies bid for the contracts to build the crematoria in concentration camps run by Nazi Germany in the General Government and other parts of occupied Poland and beyond.〔〔
Throughout the German occupation, at great risk to themselves and their families, many Christian Poles succeeded in rescuing Jews from the Nazis. Grouped by nationality, Polish rescuers represent the biggest number of people who saved Jews during the Holocaust.〔〔 Already recognized by the State of Israel, the ''Polish Righteous Among the Nations'' include gentiles, more than any other nation.〔 A very small percentage of Polish Jews managed to survive World War II within the German-occupied Poland or successfully escaped east beyond the reach of the Nazis into the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union,〔 only to be deported to camps in Siberia paradoxically along with the families of up to 1 million Polish non-Jews.
==Background==
Following the 1939 invasion of Poland in accordance with the secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned Poland into several occupation zones. Large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany.〔Piotr Eberhardt (2011), ''( Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950) )'' (PDF), Polish Academy of Sciences, Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Monographies; 12, pp. 27-29; via Internet Archive.〕 The Soviets tricked the Poles into believing that they crossed the border to help Poland fight Germany; and subsequently took over some 51.6% of the territory of Poland with fewer military losses.〔Eberhardt 2011, page 25.〕 The entire Kresy macroregion – inhabited by about 13,200,000 people – was annexed by the Soviet Union in the atmosphere of terror surrounding the rigged referendum staged by the secret police and the Red Army.〔Bernd Wegner (1997), ''(From peace to war: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the world, 1939–1941. )'' Berghahn Books. p. 74. ISBN 1-57181-882-0.〕 Within months, the Polish Jews in the Soviet-occupied zone who refused to swear an oath of allegiance were deported to Siberia along with the Catholics. Their number is estimated at about 200,000 men, women and children among those who managed to survive in extreme conditions.〔Piet Buwalda (1997), ( They Did Not Dwell Alone: Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union, 1967-1990. ) Woodrow Wilson Center Press, ISBN 0801856167.〕 Both occupying powers were equally hostile to the existence of sovereign Polish state.〔Judith Olsak-Glass, (Review of Piotrowski's ''Poland's Holocaust'' ) in Sarmatian Review, January 1999.〕 However, the Soviet rule was short-lived because the terms of the Nazi–Soviet Pact signed earlier in Moscow were broken, when the German army crossed the Soviet occupation zone on June 22, 1941. From 1941 to 1943 all of Poland was under the control of Nazi Germany. The semi-colonial territory of the General Government set up in central and south-eastern Poland took up 39 percent of the occupied area.〔
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